Nuclear Energy
Global Installed Capacity · GW · 1970–2045E
IEA · World Nuclear Assoc.
~1,000 GW by 2045E

Global nuclear capacity plateaued for nearly three decades. The coming expansion is not cyclical — it is structural.

Source: IEA World Energy Outlook 2023 · World Nuclear Association 2024 · Projections based on announced capacity additions

Energy Density
MJ per Kilogram · Log Scale
IAEA · World Nuclear Assoc.
~50 million × fossil fuels

Uranium contains millions of times more energy per unit mass than fossil fuels. Energy density changes civilization.

Source: IAEA · Values represent energy released per kg of fuel in standard use

Data Center Power Demand
Global Electricity Consumption · TWh · 2015–2035E
IEA · Lawrence Berkeley Nat. Lab
>1,500 TWh annually by 2035E

AI infrastructure is converting electricity directly into intelligence.

Source: IEA Data Centres and Data Transmission Networks 2023 · Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · Historical data through 2024

Semiconductors · Moore's Law
Transistor Count per Leading-Edge Chip · Log Scale · 1971–2025E
IC Insights · TSMC · Apple Silicon
100+ billion transistors per chip

Semiconductor progress remains exponential. Intelligence scales with transistor density.

Source: IC Insights · TSMC node roadmap · Apple silicon disclosures · IEEE International Roadmap for Devices and Systems (IRDS)

AI Training Cost
Estimated Cost to Train Frontier AI · $M · 2016–2030E
Epoch AI · OpenAI · Stanford HAI
~$1M per frontier run by 2030E

Capability rises as cost per training run declines. Democratization follows compression.

Source: Epoch AI compute tracker · Stanford HAI AI Index 2024 · Reflects cost per equivalent-capability model, accounting for algorithmic efficiency gains

AI & Global GDP
AI Economic Contribution · $T · to 2035E
McKinsey · PwC · Goldman Sachs
~$15T contribution by 2035E

Artificial intelligence transitions from productivity tool to macroeconomic engine.

Source: McKinsey Global Institute · PwC Global AI Study · Goldman Sachs AI Research 2024

AI Compute · Semiconductor CapEx
AI Training Compute vs Global Fab Investment · 2015–2027E
SIA · SEMI · Epoch AI
Hundreds of billions in annual capex

Compute demand is driving a structural semiconductor capex supercycle.

Source: SIA World Semiconductor Trade Statistics · SEMI Fab Database · Epoch AI notable AI models compute tracker

Robotics
Unit Cost vs Annual Installations · 2000–2030E
IFR · BCG · BNEF
Exponential installation growth

As unit costs fall, adoption accelerates. Automation compounds.

Source: International Federation of Robotics (IFR) World Robotics 2024 · BCG robotics cost curve analysis

Autonomous Vehicles
Peak Compute per Vehicle · TOPS · 2015–2030E
NVIDIA · Tesla · Waymo
>10,000 TOPS for full autonomy

The modern vehicle is becoming a distributed data center.

Source: NVIDIA Drive platform roadmap · Tesla FSD chip disclosures · Mobileye EyeQ series · Industry L5 compute requirements estimates

Genomics · Sequencing Cost
Cost per Human Genome · USD · Log Scale · 2001–2024
NHGRI · Illumina
$100M → <$500 per genome

Biology is following an exponential cost curve faster than semiconductors.

Source: NHGRI Genome Sequencing Program sequencing cost data · Dashed reference line shows Moore's Law equivalent halving rate from same baseline

Bitcoin · Network Security
Global Hash Rate · EH/s · Log Scale · 2010–2024
Blockchain.com · Mempool.space
Hash rate up >1,000× this decade

Bitcoin is the most secure computational network in human history.

Source: Blockchain.com hash rate data · Mempool.space mining statistics · Values represent approximate annual hash rate levels

Money · Scarcity
Global M2 · BTC Supply · 2009–2030E
BIS · Federal Reserve · Bitcoin Protocol
21M hard cap vs expanding M2

Elastic fiat expansion versus fixed digital scarcity.

Source: BIS global M2 aggregate · Federal Reserve H.6 release · Bitcoin supply schedule is protocol-determined and algorithmically fixed

Space · Launch Economics
Cost to LEO · $/kg · Inflation-Adjusted 2024 USD · 1967–2030E
NASA · SpaceX · Bryce Space
>95% cost reduction since Shuttle era

Reusability is not incremental — it is architectural.

Source: NASA historical launch cost records · Bryce Space & Technology · SpaceX published pricing · Values inflation-adjusted to 2024 USD

Space · Launch Mass
Annual Mass to Orbit · Metric Tons · 2000–2030E
JSR · Bryce Space · FAA
Post-reusability acceleration

Space is transitioning from exploration to industrialization.

Source: Jonathan's Space Report · Bryce Space Global Launch Activity · FAA Commercial Space Data 2024

Critical Materials · Copper
Demand vs EV Fleet Growth · 2013–2030E
ICSG · IEA · BloombergNEF
Structural demand tied to electrification

Electrification multiplies material intensity. Copper is leverage.

Source: ICSG copper demand data · IEA Global EV Outlook 2024 · BloombergNEF Electric Vehicle Outlook

Critical Materials · Rare Earths
Global Production Share by Country · 2015–2024
USGS · IEA · BGR
Majority production in limited geographies

Supply concentration creates geopolitical asymmetry.

Source: USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2024 · IEA Critical Minerals 2024 · BGR Critical Raw Materials Report

Semiconductors · Fab Construction Cost
Leading-Edge Fab Build Cost · $B · 2000–2035E
SEMI · TSMC · Intel · SIA
Leading-edge fabs approaching $20B+ per facility

Advanced manufacturing has become one of the most capital-intensive endeavors in history.

Source: SEMI Fab Database · TSMC annual capex disclosures · Intel fab investment announcements · SIA State of the U.S. Semiconductor Industry 2024